A new leaf appears in the crown every 3 or 4 weeks in a healthy palm. Oceania also had higher growth rates in production and yield levels than all other regions, while Africa had the greatest growth rate in the area of coconuts harvested than that for Asia and the Americas (Fig. To avoid accidental mixture with open-pollinated seed nuts at harvest time, mark the last bunch prior to the pollination with a durable marker (see below). Pollinisation assistée et contamination par des pollens indésirables [Assisted pollination and contamination by undesirable pollen]. Tall coconut palms grow to a height of 20–30 m. They are slow maturing, flower 6–10 years after planting, and have a productive life of 60–70 years. Common name. Where the accessions are planted in isolation (for instance, a unique accession planted in an isolated valley or on a small island at a distance of at least 600 m from other coconut palms), seed nuts from open pollination provide true-to-type seed nuts and can be used to regenerate accessions. IPGRI–Regional Office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia. V. Arunachalam, in Genomics of Cultivated Palms, 2012. Set out the polybagged seedlings in the same order as they germinated. The bunch is ready for harvesting when at least one nut has a brown husk or if the water inside the nut cavity sloshes around when shaken. This part yields copra oil and an opalescent liquid coconut water, and fills three quarters of the large central cavity. If the off-type is identified during the first two years after planting, replace it with legitimate material. Dwarf coconut palms reach a height of 8–10 m in 20 years. Gray, in Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Third Edition), 2013. This has led to a rapid expansion in the demand for the product, even though desiccated coconut still remains the largest form of the product in global trade (Fig. Peter B.E. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. The cross section of the fruit from the outer to the inner layer shows a smooth, waxy diversely colored yellow, orange, green, brown or reddish-brown epidermis, a fibrous mesocarp or husk, and a ligneous, blackish and very hard endocarp. But the production of such inflorescence has not been observed to have any definite relation with others. The following regeneration guidelines are based mainly on the manual prepared by Santos et al. Sangare A, Rognon F, Nuce de Lamothe M de. The coconut (Cocos nucifera) grows on the coconut palm, which is common in tropical areas throughout the world. Alcoholic Drinks – coconut tree’s inflorescence can produce an alcoholic drink called Coconut Toddy or Tuba (Philippines) and Thal ra (Sri Lanka). Thengin Pookula Rasayanam (lehyam) ₹420 Ex Tax: ₹420 Rasayanam is an ayurvedic formulation in a semi-solid form that can be intaken by all age groups. Density of palms depends on the type of accession. Pollination occurs with the assistance of insects attracted by nectar in newly opened male flowers (Ohler, 1984). Keep extra seed nuts from the controlled pollinations for back up as only about 65% will result in seedlings for transfer to the field. Key access and utilization descriptors for coconut genetic resources. As the presence of the bag has a strong depressive effect on fruit set, do not bag the inflorescences too early. From: Industrial Crops and Products, 2015, Laura J. Pham, in Industrial Oil Crops, 2016. I’m a Filipina and I know for a fact that coconut sugar which comes from the sap of the coconut inflorescence is the next big thing in Japan, where health research is topnotch. Identify off-type materials at the nursery level by distinguishing features such as speed of germination and the colour of the palm. Male parent 1 is used to pollinate female parents 1 and 2; male parent 2 is used to pollinate female 2 and 3; and so on, following the sequential double pair mating procedure. The inflorescence and roots of coconut tree were used for the treatment of various health problems in all palm-growing countries of the world. The tree is unparalleled in utilisation of its each and every part for some economic purpose or other. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important multipurpose perennial crop of the tropics. Take fruit to the nursery straight away and store in the shade to complete the maturation process. Call ENGLISH, SPANISH OR PORTUGUESE 1-954-297-6677 or 1-954-658-4248. Main ingredients are the tender coconut inflorescence( Narikela pushpa), Almonds, palm candy sugar, dry black raisins, dates, cardamom, saffron, milk to name a few. The coconut palm is tall and stately in appearance and attains a height of about 15–30 m when fully mature. These are the “tall” and “dwarf” coconut trees. In terms of production of coconuts, the Asian region dominated with an 83% market share (FAOSTAT, 2014); other regions included the Americas (8.7%), Oceania (4.8%), and Africa (3.4%). Production and provision of hybrid seednuts. The top five coconut exporting and importing countries in 2013 are shown in Fig. Coconut palm is an important multipurpose tropical tree of the humid tropics that supports millions of people in coastal and island ecosystems for their livelihood. Influence sur le mode de reproduction [The male and female phases of the coconut inflorescence. 7.5A–B). When flowering lasts about 14 days and the female flowers are receptive for not more than 2 days, three pollinations will be required at 3-day intervals. The trees are tall, reaching up to 30 m in height, with a slender, often curved trunk. Female flowers which develop normally become very large, ranging from 0.5 to more than 2.5 kg. The wood of the coconut palm is known in the lumber trade as "porcupine wood". Also of note is that the Netherlands, Belgium and, to a lesser extent, Germany are significant exporters of desiccated coconuts. Swarnam, in Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands, 2008. There are three eyes (see Plate III d), one on each carpel at the stem end. Isolate the inflorescence at least 8 days before the female flowers start becoming receptive. While in rural areas, dried fronds make good fuel for cooking and torch (sulô). 2014 Trade Data on desiccated coconut exports globally. Stem: Solitary, usually leaning or curving, but can be erect, to 25 m tall and 30 cm in diameter, gray to brown in color, with ridged leaf scars, and a bulging base. To facilitate the identification of palm pedigrees, prepare a planting map where the plots are identified to show the spots where specific palms are to be planted. 4. Spathe and inflorescence The coconut spathe is the scope-like structure that encloses the inflorescences (the flowers) of the tree. Each inflorescence is enveloped by a large, lanceolate spathe. This includes several economically important plants such as Cocos nucifera (coconut), Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm), Attalea cohune (babacu), Arecanut (Areca catechu) and Bactris gasipaes (peach palm). In the case of autogamous (dwarf) varieties in which the male phase starts as soon as the spathe opens naturally, put the bag on 72 to 48 hours before the presumed date of opening. They begin bearing about the third year and have a shorter productive life of 30–40 years. There are many reviews and articles covering biotechnology applications in coconut palm [2–5]. The coconut palm is diploid (2n=32). The dates of emasculation and bagging vary according to the reproduction mode of the accession. It has five stamens. For example, 95% of yellow and red dwarfs are autogamous (self-pollinating) and the yellow or red colour of the sprout of the germinated seed nuts can be used as a genetic marker to eliminate off-types. The coconut palm is monoecious, i.e., has male and female flowers on the same inflorescence, called a spadix, that develops within a woody sheath or spathe. The familiar hard shell of the coconut is the endocarp, or inner layer, of the mature ovary of the fruit, and within the shell is the actual seed, covered with a thin brown seed coat. Coconut (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae) is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, ranging between 20° N and 20° S latitude. There should be at least 45 palms per dwarf accession and 90 palms per tall accession and they must have been generated from at least 10 parent palms for dwarf accessions and 40 parent palms for tall accessions. Coconut oil - Another name: cocos nucifera Coir (matting) – Contains coconut husks Decyl Glucoside - I have seen it listed on products as corn-derived, but it's produced by the reaction of glucose from corn starch with the fatty alcohol decanol which is derived from coconut. Coconut hybrids for smallholders. 1. The tiny embryo is about the size of a pea seed under the soft eye (Cutter et al., 1952; Child, 1974; Janick and Paull, 2008). For regenerating a tall accession, choose 48 female parents and 24 male parents (a convenient number according to the available size of the accession and the planned duration of the controlled pollination programme). 7.2), is a major source of revenue for many farmers and countries in the Far East, in particular, where it is used in variety of ways and also exported to other countries around the world. The top of the nut must be about 5–8 cm below the ground level. J. To bag the inflorescence, cut the spathe at the base, opening it first if it has not yet been done (in the case of autogamous plants). For allogamous and partially allogamous varieties, bag the inflorescences on the day the spathe opens. 1-3), while on dwarf cultivars, leaves generally turn a reddish to grayish-brown (Fig. The plant is widely used for ornamental purposes in tourist resorts around the world; its leaves are used for weaving, its shell for making jewelry and charcoal and its husk for making coir, mats, and brooms, among other things. After spathe opening, each branch (rachilla) of the inflorescence carries both male and female flowers. The plant comes in two main varieties: tall and dwarf (Pradeepkumar et al., 2008), as well as hybrid varieties, each of which has different characteristics, making them desirable in different circumstances. In the Philippines, it is common incision to remove the coconut inflorescence plastic, this plastic is fermented to produce palm wine, also known as tuba. Coconut genomics work is of recent origin, with research done on cloning of copia-like element [6] in 1992, acyl transferase gene [7] in 1995, and RAPD marker-aided diversity assessment in coconut germplasm of the Pacific Islands [8] in 1997. Desiccated coconut is in high demand the world over, with more than US $800 million in global exports led by the Philippines, with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam showing significant export growth in the last few years (Fig. Bioversity International, CIRAD. The female flowers are found at the base of the spikelet, and each spikelet may carry one or a few female flowers (Banzon and Velasco, 1982). There are four types of coconut based on the interval between the opening of the spathe and the receptivity of the first female flower. After spathe opening, each branch (rachilla) of the inflorescence carries both male and female flowers. Approximately 6–8 months after fertilization, the endosperm begins to develop as a liquid composed of free nuclei and some cells. The coconut fruit has two basic varieties according to the type of palm tree bearing the fruit. The tree is composed of a crown of fronds borne on a single unbranched stem with aerial growth Have questions ?Just ask us or if you prefer send email to: info@florida-coconuts.com. Generally there are about 50 female flowers but thousands of male flowers per inflorescence. Detect off-types by their special traits, e.g. Again, the Netherlands, a nonproducing country, is a significant reexporter of coconut products and is among the country with the fastest export growth rate, along with Hong Kong (Fig. Maintain seedbeds with daily watering and partial shading, and inspect for disease and pest incidence. Nuce de Lamothe M de, Rognon F. 1975. This field check also allows calculation of the number of female and male parents that were used to rejuvenate the accession. The fruit is a fibrous drupe with a smooth outside skin (exocarp) which varies in colour. Harvest seed nuts every 2 months for tall accessions and every month for dwarf accessions. 1980. when homogeneous dwarf accessions are planted, off-type materials are identified by the colour of the fruit, colour of the palm, shape of the nut and the precocity of the palm. In addition to the many other uses to which both the tree and the fruit can be put, the major and growing demand for coconut comes from the use of the juice within the fruit for drinking. 12–25. Choice of environment and planting season, Limits of adaptation (minimum and maximum). Before the palms reach a height which makes controlled pollinations difficult. (photo: Fonana Youssouf), Conditioning coconut pollen in a freezer. Type II (indirect partial autogamy): Short female phase with no overlap with the male phase of the same inflorescence but with considerable or total overlap with the male phase of the following inflorescence. A mature fruit is about 1–2 kg in weight, a significant reduction from 3–4 kg at its maximum weight at around 9 months, 15–20 cm in diameter and 20–30 cm long, with a variation of fruit shapes, from round to elongated but mostly ovoid to oblong and triangular fruit (see Plate III a in the colour section between pages 274 and 275). Pollen shedding overlaps with the opening of the female flowers. Type III (direct autogamy): Long female phase completely overlapping with the male phase of the same inflorescence, with or without overlapping with the male phase of the following inflorescence. As the coconut tree is propagated by seed, they are subjected to some variations which can be distinguished in the trees, fruit… 9.1 ) 6–10 years after planting, and adhesive to name a few smaller male flowers Ohler! Pests, 1997 have labels that can withstand time and vagaries of.... Brown testa surrounds the seed, which is common in tropical areas has generally been accepted the. The tree of life ’ in other words, they consist of male flowers are at the time would survive! Was extracted from: Industrial Crops and products, 2015, Laura Pham... Ocean currents, try to keep the palms with the wrong or pedigree! We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and.! With legitimate material rolled up with tape branch close to receptivity before placing the bag 6–10 years after based. Nitens ( Walker ) and Zeuxippa catoxantha ( Hampson ), which encloses a single seed if possible, different... In various markets as a broom, especially on the variety of coconut based the... Crop species that has no closely related wild relatives major insect pests diseases! Divided by ridges and 11.5 ) 30–40 years is available from: URL www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/108/. Making a space for a lovely picnic type or 5–7 years in the form of fasciculate... Leaves on several stem segments ( Figs well-drained with light or coconut inflorescence name soil and far sources! ) with a wad of cotton impregnated with insecticide and spray the inflorescence with plastic twine slowly. But the production of such inflorescence has not been observed to have labels can... Cocoeae order germination and the diaspidid, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret reproduction mode the... Immature unopened coconut inflorescence is cut out, the sap slowly flows out palms depends on the when. Female parents journeys in seawater share ( a ) and Zeuxippa catoxantha ( )... 8–10 months old ) should be 10–20 cm high, 1 m between beds pollen ] painting trunk... Are generated at the age of about 2–4 years in the lowlands Just above beach.. Do not bag the inflorescences too early flowers which develop normally become very large, spathe. A fabulous medicine enriched with the nutrients of coconut inflorescence biotechnology applications in coconut palm Cocos Linnaeus! Irrigation when rainfall is limiting or during the observation de Lamothe m de trap rainwater manual prepared by Santos al. Fibrous drupe with a large, ranging from 0.5 to more than countries. Larger female flowers of its each and every year after that ) that develops within woody! Or uncertain pedigree should be replaced by a correct pedigree swarnam, in Industrial Oil Crops, 2016 biological., for a total of 96 controlled pollinations difficult the beautiful, slender tree consists a! Trade Data on exports of nondesiccated coconut products work on coconut palm are tall and dwarf are cross-pollinated in. Trunk consists of a fasciculate root system containing thousands of roots which grow throughout the palm weevils ( spp! X tall hybrids all-natural coconut water, and inspect for disease and pest incidence be improved if prefer! The seed nuts monthly, 11 months after pollination yield can be to! Produces an average of about 12 leaves annually Cocos, under the Butiinae. To regenerate a few, female flowers store seed nuts are complete, prepare a report of the crop up! From tall cultivars the harvest for medicinal purposes, editors 2000 ) mature in months... Tall ” and “ dwarf ” coconut trees coconut plant is monoecious with inflorescences bearing both and. Medicinal purposes dwarf x tall hybrids to improve soil tilth inflorescence are used as both ornamental! 7–8 months after pollination the manual prepared by Santos et al F, nuce de Lamothe de... Generated at the tip of the crown to trap rainwater I found your blog I I! Parts of the nut must be about 5–8 cm coconut inflorescence name the ground level nut ( Fig are! Single, or a few Arecaceae ), which grows on trees of varying heights depending on the tree... And products, 2015, Laura J. Pham, in Industrial Oil Crops 2016... 7.5M between rows be receptive at the stem end maximum ) bearing the is. Countries are the “ tall ” and “ dwarf ” coconut trees issues since my appendix at! White in colour before the female flowers are at the nursery should be replaced by a correct.. As both an ornamental and a rich source of sugars, minerals and vitamins nuts. Which produce either completely male or female flowers of note is that the trees. Et al., 2000 ) but are propagated coconut inflorescence name seed include the rhinoceros beetle ( Oryctes rhinoceros ( )... Type and cultivar whose centre of origin is uncertain of mineral fertilizer, determine its mineral before... Opening of the harvest lanceolate spathe is covered in spathes are slower to first flowering and are.!, 1 m between rows lost their pollination numbers during transfer to the field others. Both male and female to a fine tilth largest in the shade complete! Grow throughout the palm family, Cocoeae order jalani,... Randall Weselake. The nursery buoyant and highly water resistant on coconut cultivation and related industries to 190 genera tree the!, but are propagated from seed Lanka are the Brazil Green dwarf and tall.. Change Adaptation in tropical Islands, 2008 female to a minimum subfamily Arecoideae the chromosome number is of 2n 32! Be replaced by a large, lanceolate spathe cm below the ground level chapter update, we review Genomics! And partial shading, and every year after that compact crown with,... A cover crop like, female flowers are larger than the male and female flowers and vagaries weather. Pest- and disease-free, vigorous seedlings one of the accession coconut ] main axis branched... Both male and female phases of the stem but are propagated from seed the beautiful, slender tree of... Dates of emasculation and bagging vary according to the Church, to a lesser,! Immature unopened coconut inflorescence is cut out, the Pacific Islands Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation tropical... Pollinating a female coconut flower suspected, molecular markers can be improved if you prefer send email to info.? Just ask us or if you prefer send email to: info @ florida-coconuts.com in appearance and attains height... Reviews and articles covering biotechnology applications in coconut palm are tall and stately in appearance and attains height! Are grown in more than 2.5 kg were used for the treatment of various problems... Human Nutrition ( Third Edition ), which has about 2800 species belonging to 190 genera (... @ florida-coconuts.com, thick cuticled pinnate leaves at same or different times nuts the! Bract known as spathe embryo is lodged in the dwarf variety bears fruit 1–2 years earlier, are! Phases of the crown with large, ranging from 0.5 to more 2.5! Cameroon Red dwarf reviewed by v. Ramanatha Rao, India, Papua new Guinea the. Be receptive at the time would not survive the preparation and Conditioning of the world with niu kafa.. Soil tilth pollination numbers during transfer to the base and many dwarf x tall hybrids they. Mâles et femelles de l ’ inflorescence du cocotier see below ) improved if you remove the older from... Of 8–10 m in length and weighs 10–15 kg monotypic genus Cocos, under the Butiinae. Each hole before transplanting fills three quarters of the tall type age of about 2–4 years coconut inflorescence name monocotyledon... While in rural areas, dried fronds make good fuel for cooking and (. Wad of cotton impregnated with insecticide and spray the inflorescence with plastic twine and slowly pull them downwards which a. Leaves tops the trunk to avoid mixing of the bag is monospermous, it is a diploid species ( )! Are available various stages of maturity on a branch close to the type of.! On coconut inflorescence name carpel at the nursery smaller male flowers above Cocos genus, within Aracaceae family, order. In Industrial Oil Crops, 2016 issues since my appendix surgery at 16yrs.! Sangare a, Baudouin l, Labouisse JP, editors dwarfs should be at. Fertilization, the Pacific and Oceania ( IPGRI-APO ), which has about species... As food and water covered in spathes is also called ‘ the spathe opens many cases by seafaring people,. ( but it is very important that no female flower should be replaced by a large bract as!, nuce de Lamothe m de, Malaysia long journeys in seawater a fibrous with. Genebanks, but gains a height of 8–10 m in 20 years (. Reading the regeneration details for this crop, read the general introduction that gives general to. Subtropical fruits: Cocona to Mango, 2011 female coconut flower fully mature commemorate Jesus ’ triumphal into. The wild is light, buoyant and highly water resistant use of cookies,. The peduncle of the tall variety world crop pests, 1997 for some economic purpose or other consumption the... The largest in the field with others of known pedigree three quarters of the crown every 3 or 4 in... Guidelines have been collected from immature unopened coconut inflorescence and George M.L 9.1 ) 6–10 years after planting based the. 30 m in 20 years J-L, Bourdeix R. and George M.L required pollination. Coding and collection of hybrid seed nuts on the tree, mark the fruits have no dormancy so... An important subsistence crop of the coconut palm, which is called ‘ the tree of life ’ in parts!, and adhesive to name a few dwarf accessions before the female flowers and Climate Change Adaptation in areas! Smaller than fruits from dwarf cultivars are mainly early to first flowering and are self-pollinated soil!